Prayer-chant unto the guruparamparā

Prayer-chant unto Bhagavān Kṛṣṇa

Prayer-chant for the well being and prosperity of the world

1 a Sankalpa for the Gita Amrtam course

1 c Bhagavad Gita Dhyaanam verse 1

1 d Q &A

2 a Bhagavad Gita Dhyaanam (verses 2 – 4)

2 b Bhagavad Gita Dhyaanam (verses 5 – 9)

2 c The context of the Gita – a glimpse of the Mahabharata

1 b Freedom from seeking

Bhagavad Gita Ch 1

3 d Q & A

3 c How to study and do sadhana of Vedanta

3 b The armies on both sides 1.10-1.20

3 a The opening of the Gita 1.1-1.9

4 a The situation of Arjuna 1.21-1.35

4 b Arjuna’s conflict and sorrow 1.36-47

4 Gita Q & A

How to use the Slack community

5 a Arjuna’s topical problem 2.1-2.7

5 b Arjuna’s transformation from friend to shishya and request for shreyas (moksha)

5c Q & A

6 a Arjuna qualified with viveka and vairagya

6 Q and A

Overview of the Shaastra

Bhagavad Gita Ch 2 chanting by Pujya Swami Dayananda

8 b Who is fit for liberation 2.14-15

8 c Satyam (and mithya) 2.16

8 a Guided meditation (Attitude to sukha and dukha) 2.14

7 a The teaching begins 2.11-2.13

9 a Guided meditation (Panchamahabhutas and connectedness)

9 b Sat – all pervasive and indestructible 2.17-18

9 c Q & A

10 a The one who knows the Atma to be neither the karta (doer) nor the bhokta (experiencer) 2.19-20

10 b Nature of the Atma 2.21-23

10 c Q & A (2.19-23)

11 a Neither Atma can be grieved for nor Anatma which is ever changing 2.25-29

11 b Q & A and a delightful enactment of the Atma and the two bodies (sthula and sukshma sharira)

12 a Atma is no cause for grief 2.30

12 b Arjuna ‘s svadharma as a kshatriya (and our svadharma) 2.31-39

12 c Q & A (Expecting moksha from being a perfect parent, Career choice, Dharma conflict etc)

13 a Introduction to Karma Yoga and clarity on self knowledge being the solution 2.39-43

13 b Q & A (Is samadhi experience enough? , If moksha is not my only goal 2.39-43 )

14 a Glimpse of being a master (Atmavaan) 2.45-46

14 b Choice in Karma but not in result (Famous verses) 2.47-48

15 a Karma Yoga – attitude to action and its results 2.48-50

15 b Group Discussion and insights – The classification of the day into the four pursuits – Dharma/Artha/Kaama/,Moksha

16 a Group discussion and insights – What happens when one is money/partner/work/children obsessed?

16 b How can one have it all – money/partner/work/children? By Being Dharma centred

16 c Freedom from bondage of karma 2.51 and Q & A

17 a Karma Yoga in relationships

17 b How Karma Yoga helps in self knowledge, Vairagya towards alternatives and Arjuna’s question about a wise person

17 c Q & A (Managing employees, Distractedness, Clash of roles, Dealing with a dominating person

18 a Signs of a wise person and Mastery 2.56

18 b Mastery of the mind and senses 2.57-58 (incl Q and A)

18 c How do you feel loved? (Podcast episode link) – Supplementary listening

19 a Mastery of the mind and senses 2.59-61

19 b Understanding the framework of anger(Dwelling on sense object-Attachment-Anger-Loss of memory of learning-Destruction of person)

19 c Discussion on Kaushalam and Samatvam (Duty, Road rage, Resolving misunderstanding)

20 a Self mastery and tranquility 2.64-66

20 b The vision of a wise person and the sadhana of self mastery (audio has some disturbances)

20 c Q & A (Roles etc) (audio has some disturbances)

Questions for reflection and making notes on Chapter 2

21 a The connection of self mastery and inner dialogue with the younger you (incl. guided meditation)

Wrap up on Chapter 2 – Kaushalam, Clear understanding of why Vedanta is a solution, Managing a strong desire for marriage, Expectations from our children

22 Arjuna ‘s doubt, ‘If knowledge is better than action why prompt me to do karma?’ 2 Lifestyles 3.1-5

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 3 chanting by Pujya Swami Dayananda

23 a Quiet appearance but false front & Why karma yoga is better than karma 3.6-7

23 b Why karma is superior to inaction & Karma transformed into yajna 3.8-9

23 c Q & A (How much work is too much, Objectivity wrt pursuits )

24 a Karma as Yajna and recognition of Devatas 3.10-11

24 b Karma as pervaded by Veda 3.12-15

25 a Contribution to the cosmic wheel and the contentment of a wise person 3.16-18

25 b Why perform karma, Janaka, the wise king and role models 3.19-21

25 c Gita Q & A (Japa, Time for Vedanta, Delegation etc)

26 a Gita 3.22-25 No karma to be done by Bhagavan but still karma is done

26 b Gita 3.26-28 Karma impelled by Prakrti’s gunas

26 c Q and A (Dharma, Rebirth)

27 a How can the wise person engage with those who are deluded by prakriti and its gunas and How to fight ?

27 b The role of shraddha in learning and how prakriti affects a wise person

27 c Don’t some under the spell of ragas and dveshas

27 d Discussion – Handling Differences, Managing ragas and dveshas

28 a Svadharma is better than paradharma and the problem of (binding) desire

28 b Knowledge (as though) clouded by binding desire and Atma untouched by it all

28 c Guided meditation (Saakshi)

28 d Discussion (Processing a situation, The 4 aspects of a mind etc )

29 Ch 3 Discussion after small groups discussion

41 a Gita 5.1-3 Sannyasa or Karma Yoga – Which is better? a

41 b Gita 5.4 Are Sannyasa and Karma Yoga same?

41 c Assignment on Identifying Life priorities

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 5 chanting

42 Discussion on Life priorities

43 a The goal of Sannyasa and Karma Yoga as a lifestyle is one

43 b Vision of a wise person despite performing actions

43 c Gita 5.5-9 Reflections and discussion

44 a Gita 5.10 The wise one who is not affected

44 b Gita 5.11-12 How do karma yogis perform karma

44 c Gita 5.13-14 Where does the wise being live and how?

45 a Gita 5.15-16 Atma is not affected by punya/paapa

45 b Gita 5.17 Levels of commitment

45 c Gita 5.18 How does the wise person look upon a Brahmana, a cow etc Q & A

46 a Gita 5.19-20 Freedom from the cycle of birth and death and extremes of emotion

46 b Gita 5.21-23 The gain of happiness that does not change and the transitory nature of experiential happiness

46 c Gita 5.19-23 Q & A

47 a Gita 5.24-25 Videha mukti and the sukha of a wise person

47 b Gita 5.27-29 Introduction to Dhyaanam and Aikyam

47 c Gita 5.24-29 Q & A (Imp of Asana, Desire fulfilment,

48 Gita 6.1-3 Who is a Sannyasi and a yogi?

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 6 chanting

49 Gita 6.4 Yogi has freedom from dependence

49 b Gita 6.5-6 Being a friend to oneself

50 a Gita 6.7 Being a jitatma and free from opposites

50 b Gita 6.8-9 A yogi ‘s attitude towards objects and people

51 a Gita 6.10 The preparation of Karma Yoga for a meditator

51 b Gita 6.11-14 Initial preparatory steps (place, asana etc)

52 Gita 6.15 Who is an accomplished person

53 Gita 6.19-20 The mind of a yogi

54 Gita 6.21-23 Reveling in oneself and Dissociation from the association with sorrow (3rd definition of Karma Yoga)

55 Gita 6.24 – 28 Dissociation from the association with sorrow and benefits of Dhyaanam

56 Gita 6.29 – 30 The vision of oneness/sameness

57 Gita 6.31-34 The wise person and Arjuna’s question about not seeing the vision

58 Gita 6.36 – 47 What happens to one who did not complete his Vedanta journey and praise of a yogi?

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 7 Chanting by Pujya Swami Dayananda

59 Gita 7.1-7.6 Introduction to Indirect and Immediate knowledge

59b Gita 7.4 – 7.6 Nature of Ishvara

60a Gita 7.7 – 7.9 Manifestations of Ishvara

60b Gita 7.10-11 Manifestations of Ishvara contd.

60c Gita 7.7-11 Q and A

61a Gita 7.12-14 Mayashakti and crossing over Maya

61b Gita 7.15-17 Four Types of devotees

61c Gita 7.12-17 Q and A

62 Gita 7.16 Four kinds of devotees and their world view

62b Gita 7.18-20 Which among the devotees is one with Ishvara

62c Gita 7.18-20 Q and A (Why more don’t take to Vedanta, Readiness, Journey of a Jijnasu etc)

63a Gita 7.21-22 How Bhagavan makes the shraddha stronger

63b Gita 7.23-25 Why and what do people not know about Bhagavan?

63c Gita 7.21-25 Q and A (How shraddha for rituals grows)

64 Gita 7.26-30 How do devotees seek Bhagavan?

65 a Summary of first seven chapters

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 8 Chanting by Pujya Swami Dayananda

65 b Gita 8.1-5 Arjuna’s question about Brahman and what happens when a person dies

65 c Gita 8.1-5 Q and A

66 a Gita 8.5-8.6 Whom to remember before dying ?

66b Gita 8.7-9 How to remember Bhagavan?

66c Gita 8.5-9 Q and A Grieving and Healing

67 a Gita 8.10-13 How to give up the body (for a yogi and jnani)?

67b Gita 8.14-15 How to reach Bhagavan and what happens after that?

67c Gita 8.10 – 15 Q and A

68 a Gita 8.16-18 The lifespan of Brahmaji and the nature of the lokas

68 b Gita 8.19-21 The play of manifest and unmanifest

68 c Gita 8.16-21 Q and A

69 a Gita 8.22-24 Who is the limitless purusha and where do meditators of Brahmaloka go?

69 b Gita 8.25-28 Where do karmis, mere ritualists go after death and who finally reaches Brahman?

69 c Gita 8.22-27 Q and A

70 a Gita Ch 8 Q and A (post death rituals)

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 9 Chanting by Pujya Swami Dayananda

70 b Gita 9.1-2 What is the King of Knowledge and the King of Secrets and why?

71 a Gita 9.3 What is required for the knowledge and what happens to those who don’t seek it?

71 b Gita 9.4-5 Satyam (and Mithya)

71 c Gita 9.3-5 Gita (Q and A)

72 a Gita 9.6-8 Nature of Ishvara (and Maya shakti)

72 b Gita Despite manifesting Ishvara is unchanging

72 c Gita 9.6-10 (Q and A)

73 a Gita 9.11-12 What happens to the ones who do not recognise Bhagavan as the lord of all beings?

73 b Gita 9.13-14 Qualities of the ones who seek Bhagavan ?

73 c Gita 9.11-14 Q and A

74 a Gita 9.15-17 How to worship Bhagavan with jnana-yajna?

74 b Gita 9.18-21 How Bhagavan is one and distinct & What happens to people who go to svarga ?

74 c Gita 9.15 – 21 (Q and A – People who don’t have viveka, what to do when a person is bitter etc)

75 a Gita 9.22 How does Bhagavan support the jnani/mumukshu?

75 b Gita 9.23-26 Devotees who are committed to different ends and not Bhagavan; Bhagavan ‘s acceptance of the smallest offering

75 c Gita 9.22-26 Q and A (Bhagavan-Sakshi/experiencer)

76 a Gita 9.27-28 Which actions to offer to Bhagavan and the resulting maturity from this attitude

76 b Gita 9.29-32 ‘I am the same in all’ and different groups of people can still gain Bhagavan

76 c Gita 9.33-34 and Q and A The level of commitment in seeking Bhagavan

77a Gita 10.1-3 Introduction to the glories of Bhagavan

77b Gita 10.4-5 All dispositions and emotions are from Bhagavan

77c Gita 10.1-5 Q and A (Sadhana in Vedanta, Doing the right thing as jury, When people think you should not forgive etc )

78a Gita 10.6-7 Knowing the vibhuti of Bhagavan

78b Gita 10.8-9 What do wise people know about me and how does it show in their life?

78c Gita 10.6-9 Q and A (Vegetarianism, Socialising/Social pressure etc)

79a Gita 10.10-11 Whom does Bhagavan give knowledge to and what does he destroy?

79b Gita 10.12-19 Arjuna summarising his understanding of Bhagavan and making a request

79c Gita 10.10-19 Q and A (sharing of one’s life vibhutis and the question of creation)

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 10 Vibhutih Yoga (Chanting by Pujya Swami Dayananda)

80a Gita 10.20 Aham Atma

80b Gita The conscious being is free from roles (Guided meditation)

80c Gita 10.20 Q and A (Responses to meditation etc)

81a Gita 10.21-23 Bhagavan’s vibhutis begin

81b Gita 10.24-26 Bhagavan’s vibhutis continue

81c Gita 10.21-26 Q and A (Balance, Japa, Samskaaras, Where do thoughts come from?)

82a Gita 10.27-29 Bhagavan’s vibhutis – Uchhaishravasa till Yama who disciplines

82b Gita 10.30-32 Bhagavan’s vibhutis – Prahlada till Vada-discussion

82c Gita 10.27-32 Q and A (the how of creation, the why of Bhagavan Krishna’s list)

83a Gita 10.33-35 Vibhutis – A among the letters till the Spring season

83b Gita 10.36-42 Vibhutis – Game of dice etc All vibhutis are me

83c Gita Vibhuti garland of blessing

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 11 Vishvarupa Darshana Yoga (Chanting by Pujya Swami Dayananda)

84a Gita 11.1-16 Arjuna’s request to see the cosmic form and Bhagavan’s response

84b Gita Garland of Vibhutis and Q and A

85a Gita 11.16-24 Arjuna awestruck by the cosmic form

85b Gita 11.25-33 Arjuna getting afraid, Krishna tells him to be a ‘nimitta’

85c Gita 11.16-33 Q and A What is the point of this chapter?

86a Gita 11.34-40 Arjuna doing namaskaar to the cosmic form and sharing his wonder

86b Gita 11.41-54 Arjuna apologises for being casual, the return of Bhagavan to the Krishna form and the importance of bhakti

87a Gita 11.55 Clarification about offering karma to Bhagavan

87b Gita Ch 11 Discussion – Being an instrument

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 12 Bhakti Yoga (Chanting by Pujya Swami Dayananda)

87c Gita 12.1-2 Arjuna’s question – Is meditating on Bhagavan or Brahman better?

88a Gita 12.3 The one who meditates on Brahman gains me

88b Gita 12.4-5 and QnA The maturity and mastery of a person who meditates on Brahman

89a Gita 12.6-7 What does karma yoga with upaasana do?

89b Gita 12.8-9 If karma yoga with upaasana is difficult what to do?

89 Guru stotram on the eve of Guru Purnima

90a Gita 12.9-10 Why Abhyaasa yoga (Ashtanga Yoga) is helpful for mastering the mind

90b 12.11-12 The ways of relating to Bhagavaan (Sequence of maturity)

91a Gita 12.13 Signs of a jnani bhakta

91b 12.14-15 Signs of a jnani bhakta (contd.)

91c Gita 12.13-15 Q and A Do Vedantins have extra misery

92a Gita 12.16 Qualities of the bhakta

92b Gita 12.17-18 Qualities of the bhakta (contd.)

92c Gita 12.18-20 Glory of bhakta and shraddha incl Q and A

93 Gita Ch 12 Group discussion – some observations

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 13 (Chanting by Pujya Swami Dayananda)

94a Gita Quick recap Ch 1 – 12

94b Gita 13.1-2 The kshetram (field) and kshetrajna (knower of the field)

94c Gita 13.1-2 Q and A Am I the thoughts of the mind

95a Gita 13.3-6 More about the Kshetram, field

95b Gita 13.3-6 Guided Meditation on the Kshetra and kshetrajna

95c Gita 13.3-6 Q and A Sequence of manifestation, Knowing = Being

96a Gita 13.7 Intro to Value of Values

96b Gita 13.7 Values contd. and Amanitvam

97a Gita 13.7 Values are universal but not absolute Adambhitvam – absence of non pretension

97b Gita 13.7b Values contd. Ahimsa-non harming, Kshanti – Accommodation

97c Gita 13.7c Values QnA Fear of hurting the other, What if the other does not give the same importance to the value like me?

98a Gita 13.7 a Values – Aarjvam, Acharyopaasanam

98b Gita 13.7b Shaucham

98c Gita 13.7c Values Q n A Applying the values etc

99a Gita 13.7 Values – Sthairyam – Steadiness

99b Gita 13.7b Atmavinigraha – Mastery of the mind

99c Gita 13.8 Indriyaartheshu Vairagyamssion towards the sense objects

99d Gita 13.8 Anahankaara – Absence of pride

99e Gita 13.8 Q n A

100 a Gita 13.8 Janma-mrtyu-jara-vyaadhi-dukha-dosha-anudarshanam Seeing clearly the defects of pain in birth, death, old age and disease

100b Gita 13.9 Asaktih-Absence of sense of ownership and Anabhishvangah – Absence of obsession towards the child, partner house and the like

100c Gita 13.8-9 Q and A Give and take in relationships, Parenting, Friendships drifting apart etc

101a Gita 13.9 Nityam cha samachitatvam ishtanishtoppapatishu – Evenness of mind re-desirable and undesirable

101b Gita 13.10 Mayi cha ananya-yogena-bhakti-avyabhicharini, viviktadesha-sevitam, aratih-janasamsadi (unswerving devotion, resorting to quiet place, no longing for company

101c Gita 13.9-10 Q and A (Is Gita primarily psychological, Subjectivity of truth

102a Gita 13.11 Overview of values and Tattva-jnanartha-darsanam – Purpose of knowledge, Adhyatma-jnana-nityatvam – constancy and commitment

102b Gita 13.12 Intro to jneyam and Role play of encouragement to have a variety of supportive responses in one’s toolkit

103a Gita 13.13 Brahman is everything and Question about application of Values

103b Gita 13.14 Brahman is nirguna (without attributes)

103c Gita 13.13-14 Q and A (Values, Brahman – Atma etc)

104a Gita 13.13-14 I am Brahman (Guided Meditation)

104b Gita 13.15 Brahman is inside and outside

104c Gita 13.16-18 Brahman remains undivided, Light of all lights, My devotee

104d Gita 13.15-18 Q and A (Is Awareness a part of the brain etc)

105a Gita 13.19-20 Introduction to Purusha and Prakrti

105b Gita 13.21-23 What happens to the one who knows Purusha and Prakrti clearly?

106a Gita 13.24 Levels of preparedness for the vision

106b Gita Seeing the vision and connection between the kshetra and kshetrajna

106c Gita 13.24-27 Abiding in the vision, Who is responsible for how you feel etc

107a Gita 13.28-29 The vision of seeing changing prakrti and oneself as a non-doer

107b Gita 13.30-34 How Atma is like space and the Sun? The one who knows the difference between kshetram and kshetrajna

Gita Ch 13 Clarifications

Gita 14.1-2 What is the most exalted knowledge?

Gita 14.3-5 I am the mother and father of the universe

Gita 14.6-8 Definitions of sattva, rajas and tamas

Gita 14.3-8 Q and A Classifying people acc to gunas

Gita 14.9 -10 Sattva-Rajas-Tamas from Tattvabodha

Gita 14.11-15 Gita How to know which is the predominant gunas

Gita 14.9-15 Q and A Moksha in other lokas, Understanding the Gita etc

Gita 14.16-18 Results of Gunas – Sattva, Rajas and Tamas

Gita 14.19 – 20 How to cross over the gunas?

Gita 14.16-20 Q and A Managing deep desires etc

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 14 chanting by Pujya Swami Dayananda

Gita 14 Guided meditation on being free from gunas

Gita 14.21-25 Indicators of a wise person

Gita 14.26 – 27 How to be gunatita, free from the gunas ?

Gita Ch 14 Group Discussion

Gita Ch 15.1-2 The Tree of Samsaara Q and A about Dharma

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 15 chanting by Pujya Swami Dayananda

Gita Ch 15 Discussion on Desires and Priorities

Gita 15.3-4 Uprooting the tree of samsaara with detachment

Gita 15.3-3 Q and A Detachment – Emotional Independence

Gita 15.5a Discussion on Fundamental human problem and qualities of the one who cuts the tree of samsaara

Gita 15.b-16 Qualities of the one who cuts the tree of samsaara and the limitless abode

Gita 15.5-6 Q and A, Managing need for respect etc

Gita 15.7-9 Brahman as Jiva

Gita 15.10 – 14 Brahman as Jiva and Jagat (Sun, Vegetation, Digestive Fire etc)

Gita 15.7-14 Q and A What is the causal body?

Gita 15.15-16 Bhagavan as Jagat and Creator of the Vedas

Gita 15.17-20 Who is Purushottama and what does one gain?

Gita Ch 15 Q and A Is Akshara and Purushottama the same? If all is one then how to treat a person given to adharma?

Gita 16 Introduction

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 16 chanting by Pujya Swami Dayananda

Gita 16.1a Abhayam, sattva-samshuddhi, jnana-yoga-vyavashtitih (Freedom from fear, purity of mind, steadiness in contemplation)

Gita 16.1b Daanam (Giving)

Gita 16.1c Dama, Yajna, Svaadhyaaya, Tapa, Aarjavam ( Restraint of sense organs, performing rituals, chanting one’s Veda, religious austerity, Alignment of thought, word and deed)

Gita 16.1d Sharing of students of these very qualities

Gita 16.2 Ahimsa, Satyam, Akrodha, Shanti:

Gita 16.2 – 3 Apaishunam, Daya bhuteshu, Aloluptvam, Mardavam, Hri, Achaapalam, Tejah, Kshama, Dhrtih, Shaucham

Gita 16.2 Sharing of qualities that we have

Gita 16.3 contd. Adroha, Na atimanita

Gita 16.4-7 What the qualities of a person who has the wealth of an asura?

Gita 16.3 – 7 Q and A

Gita 16.8 How do asura like beings think and behave

Gita 16.9 -12 More about qualities of asuras

Gita 16.8 – 12 Q and A leadership, Kali Yuga etc

Gita 16.13-14 Clarifications+ Asura behaviour (Obssession with Money and destroying enemies )

Gita 16.15-17 Confused thinking of asuras and falling into naraka Q and A

Gita 16.18 – 24 The lot of asuras, The 3 fold doorway to naraka, Need for Shaastra as pramana

Gita 16.18-24 Q and A Is it ok to give mantras to someone from another culture

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 17 Chanting by Swami Dayananda

Gita 17.1-6 Introduction to Shraddha, 3 fold worship

Gita 17.1-6 Q and A Are Aghori practices tamasic etc

Gita 17.7-13 Food and worship of Sattvika, Rajasika and Tamasika people

Gita 17.14-19 Three fold tapas and 3 types of tapas – Sattvika, Rajasika and Tamasika

Gita 17.14-19 Q and A Tapas and Rectifying doshas

Gita 17.20-27 3 types of Daanam, Om Tat Sat – its meaning and auspiciousness

Gita 17.20-27 Q and A Next text after Gita etc

Gita 18.1 – 7 Difference between Tyaaga and Sannyasa

Gita 18.1-6 Q and A Next text after Gita, Communication with teenager

Gita 18.7-16 3 Types of Tyaaga and 5 causes of action

Gita 18.7-16 Q and A Reflections

Gita 18.17-25 Types of Jnaanam and Karma

Gita 18.17-25 Q and A Reconciling Jnanam with Bhakti, Roles etc

Gita 18.26-32 Types of Karta and Buddhi (Sattvika, Rajasika and Tamasika)

Gita 18 What to do when others are ill?

Gita 18.33-40 3 Types of Dhrti and Happiness

Gita 18.41-44 Gunas of 4 Varnas and Karma

Gita 18.45-46 Svadharma – Worship – Success

Gita 18.47-50 Another’s Dharma, Q & A

Gita 18.51-60 Qualities necessary for Jnana-nishtha and going against one’s dharma

Guru Stotram on the eve of Guru Purnima

Gita 18.61-67 Surrender to me and Give up all Dharma

Gita 18.61-67 Q and A Doubts in owning up one’s truth

Gita 18.68-71 Praise for the one who teaches, Worship of Bhagavan

Gita 18.68-71 Q and A Svadharma discussion, Ahankara, Next text,

Gita 18.72-78 Arjuna says – I am free from moha/confusion and ready to do what Bhagavan says. Gita is complete

Gita 18.72-78 Q and A and Sharing